article

Indirect/Outside Research

 
 

These peer-reviewed articles examine the effectiveness of Lindamood-Bell instruction and are published in scientific journals. Lindamood-Bell sensory-cognitive instruction was used as the intervention for the studies listed.

Below, you will find information on these research articles including references, abstracts, links to the articles in their entirety, and more.

Please email support.rd@lindamoodbell.com for assistance accessing any of the research on our website. The R&D Department also welcomes any further questions or comments.

The Virtuous Cycle between Education and Neuroscience

Educational neuroscience was born out of the promise that brain imaging would generate discoveries that change how we educate our children. Many neuro-scientists and educators alike feel that this promise has not been fulfilled and have begun to question the utility of this nascent field that is arising at the intersection of two well-established disciplines….

“The Giant Black Elephant with White Tusks Stood in a Field of Green Grass”: Cognitive and brain mechanisms underlying aphantasia

The cognitive role of individual differences in imagery generation, the ability to visualize, is critical for human cognition, especially in language comprehension. Aphantasia, a recently identified spectrum of difficulties in visualizing mental images, has become increasingly known in research on cognitive processing. In collaboration with researchers from the University of Alabama, Lindamood-Bell has co-authored a…

Development of the Left Arcuate Fasciculus is Linked to Learning Gains in Reading, but not Math

This collaboration between Stanford University, Vanderbilt University, and the University of Washington continues exploring the dynamic relationship between white matter neuronal development and learning gains through a longitudinal lens. The study followed 101 students from the southern United States from first to fourth grade, tracking their reading and math scores along with brain scans that…

Reading intervention targeting phonemic awareness and symbol imagery in children with sickle cell disease

St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital implemented a summer reading clinic for children with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) using the Lindamood-Bell intervention. The results showed significant improvements in phonological and symbol imagery skills, suggesting the efficacy of the summer reading intervention for children with SCD. There are implications for extending this intervention to students with other…

Lindamood-Bell Intervention A Pathway to Enhanced Reading Skills in Pupils

  A systematic literature review and a meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of Lindamood-Bell intervention in improving the reading skills of elementary school students with diverse learning needs.  The literature consistently showed positive effects of the intervention on enhancing reading proficiency, with improvements in accuracy, decoding skills, comprehension, and overall academic performance. The intervention’s multi-cognitive sensory…

Socioeconomic dissociations in the neural and cognitive bases of reading disorders

Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) strongly predicts disparities in reading development, yet it is unknown  whether early environments also moderate the cognitive and neurobiological bases of reading disorders (RD)  such as dyslexia, the most prevalent learning disability. SES-diverse 6–9-year-old children (n = 155, half with  RD) completed behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) tasks engaging…

Training Phonological Awareness with and without Explicit Attention to Articulation

Wise, B. W., Ring, J., & Olson, R. K. (1999). Training phonological awareness with and without explicit attention to articulation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 72, 271-304. https://doi.org/10.1006/jecp.1999.2490 One hundred twenty-two second- to fifth-grade (7- to 11-year-old) children with reading difficulties studied phonological awareness with or without explicit attention to articulation and with or without…

Toward a Unified Theory of Reading

Sadoski, M., & Paivio, A. (2007). Toward a unified theory of reading. Scientific Studies of Reading, 11(4), 337-356. doi: 10.1080/10888430701530714 Despite nearly 40 years of scientific theorizing about reading, the field remains fragmented with little progress toward unification. In this article, we (a) emphasize the privileged position of unified theories in all science, (b) compare…

Phonological Awareness Intervention: Comparison of Fast ForWord, Earobics, and LiPS

Pokorni, J. L., Worthington, C. K., & Jamison, P. J. (2004). Phonological awareness intervention: comp;arison of Fast ForWord, Earobics, and LiPS. The Journal of Educational Research, 93(3), 147-157. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOER.97.3.147-158 Researchers have found that training in phonemic awareness (PA), a fundamental element for reading acquisition, is effective in varying degrees, depending on characteristics of the audience….

Reading intervention and neuroplasticity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of brain changes associated with reading intervention

Perdue, M. V., Mahaffy, K., Vlahcevic, K., Wolfman, E., Erbeli, F., Richlan, F., & Landi, N. (2021). Reading intervention and neuroplasticity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of brain changes associated with reading intervention. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 132 (2022), 465-494. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiorev.2021.11.011 Behavioral research supports the efficacy of intervention for reading disability, but the brain…

Connect with us
🍂 Fall workshops are here, educators!
Strengthen your teaching with live-online workshops grounded in the cognitive science of learning and aligned with the science of reading and structured literacy.
• Practical strategies for reading, comprehension, and math
• Support for students with dyslexia, ADHD, and autism
Save 10% with code 26READY2LEARN10.
Reserve your spot through the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
Dyslexia is complex, but understanding its causes can help parents and educators make informed decisions about support. Our latest article explores what research tells us about dyslexia, common misconceptions, and the evidence behind effective intervention. Read more at the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
What is phoneme awareness, and why does it matter for learning to read?

Many people know phoneme awareness is important, but fewer understand how it fits into the bigger picture of reading development. Our latest blog explains what phoneme awareness is, how it differs from phonics, signs a student may need support, and why successful reading depends on more than phoneme awareness alone.
Whether you're a parent or educator, this guide offers practical insights into the sensory-cognitive functions that support reading.

Read the blog at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
🎥 Now Available On-Demand: Why Some Students Thrive in Smaller Learning Environments: Lindamood-Bell Academy

Could a smaller school make a big difference for your child? In this webinar, explore which students often benefit from a more individualized learning environment, how personalized instruction can build confidence and academic growth, and how Lindamood-Bell Academy's flexible approach is tailored to each student's learning needs.
Watch on demand and learn whether a smaller learning environment could help your child thrive.

👉 Watch now at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
📚 Attention Teachers: Back-to-school savings are here!
Strengthen your instruction with live, interactive Lindamood-Bell professional development.
Save through September 30:
✨ 10% off live online workshops with 26READY2LEARN10
✨ 20% off in-service workshops for school teams (10+) with 26READY2LEARN20
Learn more at the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
Join us for the second session of our webinar series exploring the research, instruction, and outcomes behind meaningful learning change.

Why Some Students Thrive in Smaller Learning Environments: Lindamood-Bell Academy

📅 July 30, 2026
⏰ 10 AM PT | 1 PM ET | 6 PM BST

Could a smaller learning environment help your child thrive? We'll explore which students often benefit from smaller class sizes, how individualized instruction builds confidence and academic growth, and how a flexible curriculum can be tailored to each student's learning needs.

Register for free at the link. If you can't attend live, we'll email the recording to everyone who registers after the event. https://bit.ly/4wtLymN 
Tap the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
As we celebrate 40 years of changing lives through learning, we’re honored to mark another milestone. Thank you, @slochamber, for helping us celebrate the Grand Re-Opening of our San Luis Obispo Learning Center and its designation as our Flagship Learning Center!
For more info tap the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
Every family's learning journey is unique, and we're honored to be part of Jessica's. ✨

Thank you for sharing how Lindamood-Bell Online Instruction has supported your children, Jessica. Stories like yours give hope to parents searching for answers.

Learn more about Lindamood-Bell learning center instruction, available in person or live online, at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
📚Educators: Strengthen your literacy instruction with Lindamood-Bell.

Every student deserves instruction that helps them succeed. Lindamood-Bell® professional development workshops equip educators with evidence-based tools to strengthen literacy instruction and better support students, especially those who need it most.

Our live, interactive workshops are aligned with the science of reading and structured literacy and feature our founders' programs, including Seeing Stars® and Visualizing and Verbalizing®.
Register at least 30 days before your workshop to save 10%. Early registration is the best way to secure your spot, as many workshops fill before registration closes.

View the workshop schedule and register today at the link in bio @lindamoodbellofficial.
🎉 You're invited!

Join us as we celebrate the designation of our San Luis Obispo location as Lindamood-Bell's Flagship Learning Center, a hub for innovation, training, and demonstration that will help advance best practices across our more than 46 learning centers worldwide.

Grand Reopening & Ribbon Cutting
📅 Wednesday, July 22, 4:00 p.m.
📍 412 Higuera Street, San Luis Obispo, CA

Families, educators, and community members are invited to tour the learning center, meet Flagship Learning Center Director Emily Hoffman and our instructional team, and learn more about our evidence-based instruction for reading, comprehension, and math.

We'd love to celebrate with you! Learn more at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
You're invited to celebrate with us!

Lindamood-Bell is proud to celebrate the designation of our San Luis Obispo location as our Flagship Learning Center with a special Open House & Ribbon Cutting. The center will serve as a hub for innovation, training, and demonstration, helping advance best practices across our more than 46 learning centers worldwide.

📅 Wednesday, July 22, 4:00 p.m.
📍 412 Higuera Street, San Luis Obispo, CA

Families, educators, and community members are invited to tour the learning center, meet Flagship Learning Center Director Emily Hoffman and our team, and learn more about Lindamood-Bell's evidence-based instruction for reading, comprehension, and math.

We look forward to welcoming the San Luis Obispo community as we celebrate this exciting new chapter. Learn more at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
🎉 Discover a Different Kind of School 🎉

At Lindamood-Bell Academy, students receive a full academic curriculum while strengthening the learning abilities behind reading, comprehension, and math.

Join us for Lindamood-Bell Academy Week, July 13–17, and experience our school firsthand.

✨ Special offer: Enroll by August 14, 2026 for the 2026–27 school year and receive 20% off one month of tuition.

Learn more at the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
Lindamood-Bell summer instruction boosts reading, comprehension, and math—in just a few weeks!
✅ One-to-one support
✅ In person or live online
✅ Evidence-based approach
Act now to save 10% on your first week of summer instruction!
Reserve your spot today. Follow the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
Lindamood-Bell summer instruction boosts reading, comprehension, and math—in just a few weeks!
✅ One-to-one support
✅ In person or live online
✅ Evidence-based approach
Act now to save 10% on your first week of summer instruction!
Reserve your spot today. Follow the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
Request Information

Request Information

When you complete our form, we'll send you to our digital information packet and reach out to you shortly.
You may also call us at

Schedule a Learning
Ability Evaluation

Please fill out the form and we will be in touch to schedule an evaluation.