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Research Articles

 
 

Numerous peer-reviewed articles based on studies examining the effectiveness of the Lindamood-Bell programs have been published in scholarly journals.

Below, you will find information on these research articles including references, abstracts, links to the articles in their entirety, and more.

Lindamood-Bell Intervention A Pathway to Enhanced Reading Skills in Pupils

  A systematic literature review and a meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of Lindamood-Bell intervention in improving the reading skills of elementary school students with diverse learning needs.  The literature consistently showed positive effects of the intervention on enhancing reading proficiency, with improvements in accuracy, decoding skills, comprehension, and overall academic performance. The intervention’s multi-cognitive sensory…

Reading intervention targeting phonemic awareness and symbol imagery in children with sickle cell disease

St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital implemented a summer reading clinic for children with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) using the Lindamood-Bell intervention. The results showed significant improvements in phonological and symbol imagery skills, suggesting the efficacy of the summer reading intervention for children with SCD. There are implications for extending this intervention to students with other…

“The Giant Black Elephant with White Tusks Stood in a Field of Green Grass”: Cognitive and brain mechanisms underlying aphantasia

The cognitive role of individual differences in imagery generation, the ability to visualize, is critical for human cognition, especially in language comprehension. Aphantasia, a recently identified spectrum of difficulties in visualizing mental images, has become increasingly known in research on cognitive processing. In collaboration with researchers from the University of Alabama, Lindamood-Bell has co-authored a…

The Virtuous Cycle between Education and Neuroscience

Educational neuroscience was born out of the promise that brain imaging would generate discoveries that change how we educate our children. Many neuro-scientists and educators alike feel that this promise has not been fulfilled and have begun to question the utility of this nascent field that is arising at the intersection of two well-established disciplines….

Current Efficacy Research for the Seeing Stars® Program

Seeing Stars is a comprehensive program that teaches phoneme-grapheme correspondence based on the alphabetic structure of the English language. The theoretical basis for this program is grounded on the tenets of Dual Coding Theory (DCT), addressing the dual role of sound and symbol imagery. DCT serves as the best evidence-based theory in cognitive science to…

Current Efficacy Research for the Visualizing and Verbalizing® Program (V/V)

The Visualizing and Verbalizing® (V/V®) program develops concept imagery – the ability to create mental representations from language – as a basis for comprehension and higher order thinking. V/V is based on the tenets of Dual Coding Theory, which states that cognition requires an interplay between two systems—a verbal system specialized for language, and a…

Individual differences in response to early interventions in reading: The lingering problem of treatment resisters.

Torgesen, J. K. (2000). Individual differences in response to early interventions in reading: The lingering problem of treatment resisters. Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 15 (1), 55-64. doi:10.1207/SLDRP1501_6 Summary In this article, studies are reviewed that we designed to improve the early reading skills of students with reading disabilities. The challenge of effectively designing interventions…

Dyslexia-Specific Brain Activation Profile Becomes Normal Following Successful Remedial Training

Simos, P. G., Fletcher, J. M., Bergman, E., Breier, J. I., Foorman, B. R., Castillo, E. M. … Papanicolaou, A.C. (2002). Dyslexic-specific brain activation profile becomes normal following successful remedial training. Neurology, 58, 1203–1212. doi:10.1212/WNL.58.8.1203

Verbalization and Visualization Process: Its Applicability in EFL

Fayez, O, & Hor, G. (2009). Verbalization and visualization process: Its applicability in EFL. International Journal of Humanities, 7(8), 33-42. Retrieved from http://www.ijhssnet.com/

Reading Intervention Outcomes for Adults With Disabilities in a Vocational Rehabilitation Setting: Results of a 3-Year Research and Demonstration Grant.

Vanderberg, L. E., Pierce, M. E., & Disney, L. J. (2011). Reading intervention outcomes for adults with disabilities in a vocational rehabilitation setting: Results of a three-year research and demonstration grant. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, 54, 210-222. doi:10.1177/0034355211402518

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23
Sep
Join Us at the International Dyslexia Association 2026 Annual Reading, Literacy & Learning Conference

🎉 40 Years of Changing Lives Through Learning

Our next milestone takes us across the globe!

🌏 1996: Our first international Seasonal Learning Center opens in Sydney, Australia.

This milestone meant more students and families could experience Lindamood-Bell instruction, helping students strengthen their reading skills and learn to their potential.

Follow along as we celebrate 40 years of changing lives through learning and the milestones that brought us here.

Learn more about Lindamood-Bell at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

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🎉 40 Years of Changing Lives Through Learning Our next milestone takes us across the globe! 🌏 1996: Our first international Seasonal Learning Center opens in Sydney, Australia. This milestone meant more students and families could experience Lindamood-Bell instruction, helping students strengthen their reading skills and learn to their potential. Follow along as we celebrate 40 years of changing lives through learning and the milestones that brought us here. Learn more about Lindamood-Bell at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

🎉 40 Years of Changing Lives Through Learning

Our journey through 40 years of Lindamood-Bell continues with a milestone from 1993.

1993: The first Lindamood-Bell International Conference is held in Shell Beach, California.

In addition to program workshops, attendees had the opportunity to hear from professionals and scholars in the fields of learning, literacy, and cognition. Over the years, our International Conference has featured influential voices such as Allan Paivio, Jane Healy, and Temple Grandin, among many others.

Follow along as we continue celebrating 40 years of changing lives through learning and sharing the milestones that brought us here.

Learn more about Lindamood-Bell at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 17925487437428361
🎉 40 Years of Changing Lives Through Learning Our journey through 40 years of Lindamood-Bell continues with a milestone from 1993. 1993: The first Lindamood-Bell International Conference is held in Shell Beach, California. In addition to program workshops, attendees had the opportunity to hear from professionals and scholars in the fields of learning, literacy, and cognition. Over the years, our International Conference has featured influential voices such as Allan Paivio, Jane Healy, and Temple Grandin, among many others. Follow along as we continue celebrating 40 years of changing lives through learning and sharing the milestones that brought us here. Learn more about Lindamood-Bell at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

🎉 40 Years of Changing Lives Through Learning

Our look back at 40 years of Lindamood-Bell continues with another milestone from 1992.

🏢 In 1992, Lindamood-Bell partnered with Motorola on a workplace literacy project designed to strengthen reading and comprehension skills for manufacturing associates and engineers. The project brought our approach to adult learners in a new setting and reflected something we still believe today: learning can happen at any age.

Follow along as we continue celebrating 40 years of changing lives through learning and sharing the milestones that brought us here.

To learn more about Lindamood-Bell click the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 18628461103060305
🎉 40 Years of Changing Lives Through Learning Our look back at 40 years of Lindamood-Bell continues with another milestone from 1992. 🏢 In 1992, Lindamood-Bell partnered with Motorola on a workplace literacy project designed to strengthen reading and comprehension skills for manufacturing associates and engineers. The project brought our approach to adult learners in a new setting and reflected something we still believe today: learning can happen at any age. Follow along as we continue celebrating 40 years of changing lives through learning and sharing the milestones that brought us here. To learn more about Lindamood-Bell click the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Attention Educators: Free Leaders in Literacy Webinar

Join Lindamood-Bell for Deeper than SoR: How One District Closed Gaps and Exited Students from Special Ed

📅 October 7, 2026 | 11 am PT / 2 pm ET / 7 pm BST

Hear how Madeira City Schools moved beyond scripted phonics instruction to build educator expertise, strengthen intervention, and improve outcomes for struggling readers and students receiving special education services.

Register now and bring practical insights back to your classroom, school, or district - Follow the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

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Attention Educators: Free Leaders in Literacy Webinar Join Lindamood-Bell for Deeper than SoR: How One District Closed Gaps and Exited Students from Special Ed 📅 October 7, 2026 | 11 am PT / 2 pm ET / 7 pm BST Hear how Madeira City Schools moved beyond scripted phonics instruction to build educator expertise, strengthen intervention, and improve outcomes for struggling readers and students receiving special education services. Register now and bring practical insights back to your classroom, school, or district - Follow the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

🎉 40 Years of Changing Lives Through Learning

Our next milestone takes us to 1992!

📍 1992: First Learning Center outside of San Luis Obispo opens in Sacramento, California

Six years after Lindamood-Bell was founded, we expanded beyond our San Luis Obispo roots with the opening of a Learning Center in Sacramento.

It was an important step in our growth, bringing Lindamood-Bell’s one-to-one, individualized instruction to more students and families.

Follow @lindamoodbellofficial as we celebrate 40 years of changing lives through learning and revisit the milestones that shaped our story. ❤️

Learn more at the link in our bio.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 17893786245414792
🎉 40 Years of Changing Lives Through Learning Our next milestone takes us to 1992! 📍 1992: First Learning Center outside of San Luis Obispo opens in Sacramento, California Six years after Lindamood-Bell was founded, we expanded beyond our San Luis Obispo roots with the opening of a Learning Center in Sacramento. It was an important step in our growth, bringing Lindamood-Bell’s one-to-one, individualized instruction to more students and families. Follow @lindamoodbellofficial as we celebrate 40 years of changing lives through learning and revisit the milestones that shaped our story. ❤️ Learn more at the link in our bio.

🎥 Now Available On-Demand: Online Instruction That Actually Works

When you think of online learning, you might picture large virtual classrooms where it can be difficult for students to stay engaged. Lindamood-Bell online instruction is a different experience: live, one-to-one instruction with individualized support and active student engagement.

See what an online session actually looks like and learn about the research and results behind our reading instruction.

👉 Watch the recording at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 17908334391540816
🎥 Now Available On-Demand: Online Instruction That Actually Works When you think of online learning, you might picture large virtual classrooms where it can be difficult for students to stay engaged. Lindamood-Bell online instruction is a different experience: live, one-to-one instruction with individualized support and active student engagement. See what an online session actually looks like and learn about the research and results behind our reading instruction. 👉 Watch the recording at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

🎉 40 Years of Changing Lives Through Learning
As we continue looking back at the milestones that have shaped Lindamood-Bell, we’re returning to where it all began.

📖 1986: Nanci Bell publishes Visualizing and Verbalizing®

The same year Lindamood-Bell Learning Processes was founded, co-founder Nanci Bell published Visualizing and Verbalizing for Language Comprehension and Thinking®, introducing an approach designed to develop concept imagery, the ability to create an imaged gestalt from language.

The program grew from Nanci’s work with students who could read words but struggled to understand, remember, and think critically about what they read.
Today, Visualizing and Verbalizing® remains central to our approach to developing language comprehension and higher-order thinking skills.

Follow @lindamoodbellofficial as we celebrate 40 years of changing lives through learning. ❤️
Learn more at the link in our bio.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 17907659601513541
🎉 40 Years of Changing Lives Through Learning As we continue looking back at the milestones that have shaped Lindamood-Bell, we’re returning to where it all began. 📖 1986: Nanci Bell publishes Visualizing and Verbalizing® The same year Lindamood-Bell Learning Processes was founded, co-founder Nanci Bell published Visualizing and Verbalizing for Language Comprehension and Thinking®, introducing an approach designed to develop concept imagery, the ability to create an imaged gestalt from language. The program grew from Nanci’s work with students who could read words but struggled to understand, remember, and think critically about what they read. Today, Visualizing and Verbalizing® remains central to our approach to developing language comprehension and higher-order thinking skills. Follow @lindamoodbellofficial as we celebrate 40 years of changing lives through learning. ❤️ Learn more at the link in our bio.

🎧 New Podcast Episode!

Lindamood-Bell for Schools Director of Development Dave Kiyvyra speaks with Winifred Winston and LeDerick Horne from the Black and Dyslexic podcast about the dyslexia identification and support gap.

They explore disparities in dyslexia identification, limited access to effective reading instruction in many communities, and the challenges families face in understanding and securing the support their children need.

Listen and subscribe at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 18121581466883618
🎧 New Podcast Episode! Lindamood-Bell for Schools Director of Development Dave Kiyvyra speaks with Winifred Winston and LeDerick Horne from the Black and Dyslexic podcast about the dyslexia identification and support gap. They explore disparities in dyslexia identification, limited access to effective reading instruction in many communities, and the challenges families face in understanding and securing the support their children need. Listen and subscribe at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

📚 When should kids start reading?

Our latest blog article explores typical reading milestones, signs of readiness, the foundational skills that support reading and comprehension, and when additional support may be helpful.

👉 Read “When Should Kids Start Reading? Age Guidelines, Readiness Signs, and How to Help.” Follow the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 18111681400852683
📚 When should kids start reading? Our latest blog article explores typical reading milestones, signs of readiness, the foundational skills that support reading and comprehension, and when additional support may be helpful. 👉 Read “When Should Kids Start Reading? Age Guidelines, Readiness Signs, and How to Help.” Follow the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

🎉 40 Years of Changing Lives Through Learning

This year marks a very special milestone for Lindamood-Bell: 40 years!

Over the coming weeks, we’ll be looking back at some of the milestones that have shaped our story. From our beginnings in 1986 to the work we do today, there is so much to celebrate.

And where better to begin than at the beginning?

📷 1986: Lindamood-Bell Learning Processes is founded.

Pat Lindamood and Nanci Bell co-founded Lindamood-Bell with a shared belief that all students can be taught to read to their potential. From the beginning, our approach was grounded in the understanding that reading is a sensory-cognitive process and that the underlying skills can be developed.

What began 40 years ago has grown into a journey we’re excited to revisit and share with you.

Follow @lindamoodbellofficial as we celebrate 40 years of changing lives through learning and share more milestones from our story.

For more information about Lindamood-Bell, visit the link in our bio. ❤️

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 18622979827044629
🎉 40 Years of Changing Lives Through Learning This year marks a very special milestone for Lindamood-Bell: 40 years! Over the coming weeks, we’ll be looking back at some of the milestones that have shaped our story. From our beginnings in 1986 to the work we do today, there is so much to celebrate. And where better to begin than at the beginning? 📷 1986: Lindamood-Bell Learning Processes is founded. Pat Lindamood and Nanci Bell co-founded Lindamood-Bell with a shared belief that all students can be taught to read to their potential. From the beginning, our approach was grounded in the understanding that reading is a sensory-cognitive process and that the underlying skills can be developed. What began 40 years ago has grown into a journey we’re excited to revisit and share with you. Follow @lindamoodbellofficial as we celebrate 40 years of changing lives through learning and share more milestones from our story. For more information about Lindamood-Bell, visit the link in our bio. ❤️

Considering online homeschooling for your child? There’s a lot to think about beyond curriculum and flexibility.

How will instruction be personalized? Will your child have live interaction with teachers? What kind of support and school community will they have? And will the program help strengthen the learning skills they need to succeed?

Our new guide explores what families should consider when comparing online homeschool programs and how Lindamood-Bell Academy approaches learning from home.

Read Online Homeschool Programs: A Guide for Families at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 18227135257322900
Considering online homeschooling for your child? There’s a lot to think about beyond curriculum and flexibility. How will instruction be personalized? Will your child have live interaction with teachers? What kind of support and school community will they have? And will the program help strengthen the learning skills they need to succeed? Our new guide explores what families should consider when comparing online homeschool programs and how Lindamood-Bell Academy approaches learning from home. Read Online Homeschool Programs: A Guide for Families at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

New Podcast Episode!
Tom Mendoza, Co-Director of Lindamood-Bell for Schools, and Deci Douroux, Professional Development Mentor Presenter, explore how developing concept and numerical imagery can help close math achievement gaps.
They discuss a three-step instructional approach that moves students from hands-on experiences with manipulatives to imagery and language, then to computation and problem-solving. Learn how this approach can support stronger number sense, mathematical reasoning, and confidence.
Listen and subscribe at the link our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 18131311519562019
New Podcast Episode! Tom Mendoza, Co-Director of Lindamood-Bell for Schools, and Deci Douroux, Professional Development Mentor Presenter, explore how developing concept and numerical imagery can help close math achievement gaps. They discuss a three-step instructional approach that moves students from hands-on experiences with manipulatives to imagery and language, then to computation and problem-solving. Learn how this approach can support stronger number sense, mathematical reasoning, and confidence. Listen and subscribe at the link our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial

What’s the difference between Lindamood-Bell and Orton-Gillingham?

Our latest blog article explores the similarities and key differences between these approaches, including Lindamood-Bell’s emphasis on developing the sensory-cognitive processes that underlie reading, spelling, and comprehension.

Read the full article at the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 18171927724451232
What’s the difference between Lindamood-Bell and Orton-Gillingham? Our latest blog article explores the similarities and key differences between these approaches, including Lindamood-Bell’s emphasis on developing the sensory-cognitive processes that underlie reading, spelling, and comprehension. Read the full article at the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
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