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Research Articles
 
 

Effects of a Theoretically Based Large-Scale Reading Intervention in a Multicultural Urban School District

Sadoski, M. & Willson, V. (2006). Effects of theoretically based large-scale reading intervention in a multicultural urban school district. American Educational Research Journal, 43(1), 137-154. doi:10.3102%2F00028312043001137

Background

Pueblo City Schools in Pueblo, Colorado, serve a large percentage of students who are at-risk of reading failure. From the 1998/99 to the 2002/03 school years, Pueblo implemented Lindamood-Bell instruction to address the specific needs of this student population. Students received Seeing Stars, Visualizing and Verbalizing, and Lindamood Phoneme Sequencing instruction to develop symbol imagery, concept imagery, and phonemic awareness. This study investigated the constructs of Dual Coding Theory using the Seeing Stars and Visualizing and Verbalizing programs. Instruction was delivered by Pueblo teachers who were trained in the programs. Student gains were measured with the state reading test. The results were compared to gains made by students from other, similar schools in Colorado who did not receive Lindamood-Bell instruction. Schools were comparable as a result of controlling for school size, free and reduced-price lunch, and minority populations. Third-grade results for Title I schools are provided below.

Urban School District

Results

The line in the chart above shows the percentage point difference (in percent proficient and advanced on the state reading test) between Pueblo (Lindamood-Bell) schools and comparison schools. By 2003, schools partnering with Lindamood-Bell were 26 percentage points above the average of the comparison schools. The independent evaluators who conducted this research determined that the main effect of Lindamood-Bell instruction was statistically significant (p < .0001). In their published article they state that “[Pueblo] Title I schools outperformed the average of the remaining comparable Title I schools in the state in an increasingly positive way during the years 1998-2003.” The results of this study support the Dual Coding Theory model of cognition and illustrate that Lindamood-Bell instruction in the Seeing Stars, Visualizing and Verbalizing, and Lindamood Phoneme Sequencing programs leads to improved reading, which is essential to achieving success with school curricula.

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13
Mar
Lindamood-Bell Academy: Enroll Now for Special Savings

Spots are still available in our live online April teacher workshops!

Strengthen your instructional practice with:
✅ Visualizing & Verbalizing® (VV) for Comprehension and Thinking
✅ Seeing Stars® for Reading and Spelling
✅ Lindamood Phoneme Sequencing® Program (LiPS) for Reading, Spelling, and Speech

Our workshops provide evidence-based programs grounded in the Cognitive Science of Learning, with practical strategies you can apply immediately to support student success.

Availability is limited. Reserve your spot today at the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 18399938911177449
Spots are still available in our live online April teacher workshops! Strengthen your instructional practice with: ✅ Visualizing & Verbalizing® (VV) for Comprehension and Thinking ✅ Seeing Stars® for Reading and Spelling ✅ Lindamood Phoneme Sequencing® Program (LiPS) for Reading, Spelling, and Speech Our workshops provide evidence-based programs grounded in the Cognitive Science of Learning, with practical strategies you can apply immediately to support student success. Availability is limited. Reserve your spot today at the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

We’re hiring seasonal Educational Clinicians (Tutors) for in-person roles this summer.

If you are passionate about education and want to make a real impact, join us to help students build confidence and strengthen their reading and comprehension skills in a supportive environment.

Paid training provided.

To apply, follow the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 18100289671757019
We’re hiring seasonal Educational Clinicians (Tutors) for in-person roles this summer. If you are passionate about education and want to make a real impact, join us to help students build confidence and strengthen their reading and comprehension skills in a supportive environment. Paid training provided. To apply, follow the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

📣 Now Hiring Seasonal Educational Clinicians/Tutors (In-Person)

Our Learning Centers are hiring individuals who are passionate about education and supporting student learning. We`re seeking seasonal Educational Clinicians and Tutors interested in literacy, teaching, child development, tutoring, or academic support.

Be part of a team dedicated to helping students of all ages strengthen their reading and comprehension skills in an engaging and supportive environment.

Paid training provided.

Apply today through our Career Site. Follow the link in our bio, @lindamoodbell official.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 18092002946019241
📣 Now Hiring Seasonal Educational Clinicians/Tutors (In-Person) Our Learning Centers are hiring individuals who are passionate about education and supporting student learning. We're seeking seasonal Educational Clinicians and Tutors interested in literacy, teaching, child development, tutoring, or academic support. Be part of a team dedicated to helping students of all ages strengthen their reading and comprehension skills in an engaging and supportive environment. Paid training provided. Apply today through our Career Site. Follow the link in our bio, @lindamoodbell official.

📣 We’re Hiring: Seasonal Educational Clinicians/Tutors (In-Person)

We’re seeking individuals passionate about creating an engaging and supportive learning environment. An interest in education, teaching, literacy, child development, tutoring, or academic support is a plus.

Join us as we help students of all ages read and comprehend to their potential.

✨ Paid training provided!
Apply today. Follow the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 18013152296672210
📣 We’re Hiring: Seasonal Educational Clinicians/Tutors (In-Person) We’re seeking individuals passionate about creating an engaging and supportive learning environment. An interest in education, teaching, literacy, child development, tutoring, or academic support is a plus. Join us as we help students of all ages read and comprehend to their potential. ✨ Paid training provided! Apply today. Follow the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

📣 We’re Hiring: Seasonal Educational Clinicians/Tutors (In-Person)

Our Learning Centers are hiring. We’re looking for individuals interested in education, teaching, literacy, child development, tutoring, or academic support who are passionate about creating an engaging and supportive learning environment. Join us as we help students of all ages read and comprehend to their potential.

✨ Paid training provided!

Apply today through our Career Site. Follow the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 17911282638340119
📣 We’re Hiring: Seasonal Educational Clinicians/Tutors (In-Person) Our Learning Centers are hiring. We’re looking for individuals interested in education, teaching, literacy, child development, tutoring, or academic support who are passionate about creating an engaging and supportive learning environment. Join us as we help students of all ages read and comprehend to their potential. ✨ Paid training provided! Apply today through our Career Site. Follow the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

🎧 New Podcast Episode: A Mother’s Perspective: Autism, Comprehension, and Real Progress 🌟
Hear April share her son’s journey at Lindamood-Bell. Although he was a strong decoder, reading comprehension remained a challenge. Through Visualizing and Verbalizing® instruction, his comprehension scores soared—and he’s now making substantial progress in math.

Discover how personalized, sensory-cognitive instruction helped him gain the skills and confidence to thrive academically.
👉 Listen now at the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 17878384641481014
🎧 New Podcast Episode: A Mother’s Perspective: Autism, Comprehension, and Real Progress 🌟 Hear April share her son’s journey at Lindamood-Bell. Although he was a strong decoder, reading comprehension remained a challenge. Through Visualizing and Verbalizing® instruction, his comprehension scores soared—and he’s now making substantial progress in math. Discover how personalized, sensory-cognitive instruction helped him gain the skills and confidence to thrive academically. 👉 Listen now at the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

At Lindamood-Bell, our support doesn’t end on the last day of instruction.

Families who have previously attended are invited to schedule a School Year Checkup, a dedicated time to reflect on progress and realign as academic demands change.

Each Checkup includes:
• A conversation about school progress
• A complimentary Learning Ability Evaluation
• Clear insights and next steps, if needed

The School Year Checkup is an exclusive benefit for past Learning Center families.
New to Lindamood-Bell? Explore how our personalized instruction can support your child’s learning.
Follow the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 18329975749171609
At Lindamood-Bell, our support doesn’t end on the last day of instruction. Families who have previously attended are invited to schedule a School Year Checkup, a dedicated time to reflect on progress and realign as academic demands change. Each Checkup includes: • A conversation about school progress • A complimentary Learning Ability Evaluation • Clear insights and next steps, if needed The School Year Checkup is an exclusive benefit for past Learning Center families. New to Lindamood-Bell? Explore how our personalized instruction can support your child’s learning. Follow the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Is your child having a hard time with math?
Math remediation is not about more worksheets or memorizing steps. It is a targeted, structured approach that identifies why a child is struggling and rebuilds the foundational skills needed for lasting understanding.
At Lindamood-Bell, our On Cloud Nine® program integrates imagery with language to help students connect math concepts to verbal reasoning. Students learn to understand the process behind the problem, strengthening both reasoning and computation.
Learn more through the link in bio at @lindamoodbellofficial.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 17936381847171996
Is your child having a hard time with math? Math remediation is not about more worksheets or memorizing steps. It is a targeted, structured approach that identifies why a child is struggling and rebuilds the foundational skills needed for lasting understanding. At Lindamood-Bell, our On Cloud Nine® program integrates imagery with language to help students connect math concepts to verbal reasoning. Students learn to understand the process behind the problem, strengthening both reasoning and computation. Learn more through the link in bio at @lindamoodbellofficial.

It’s a great time to plan professional development for your school district.

Book a Lindamood-Bell inservice workshop by March 15 and save 20% per attendee (minimum 10 participants). Workshops can be scheduled through December 18, 2026.

Practical, classroom-ready training for:
• Early literacy and math
• Students with dyslexia and other learning disabilities
• Struggling readers

Give your team research-based tools they can use right away.
Learn more at the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 18120498877581883
It’s a great time to plan professional development for your school district. Book a Lindamood-Bell inservice workshop by March 15 and save 20% per attendee (minimum 10 participants). Workshops can be scheduled through December 18, 2026. Practical, classroom-ready training for: • Early literacy and math • Students with dyslexia and other learning disabilities • Struggling readers Give your team research-based tools they can use right away. Learn more at the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

What does a reading specialist actually do, and how do you know if your child needs one? 📘
Our latest blog article breaks down the role of a reading specialist, what expert instruction looks like, and how individualized support can make a lasting difference in reading and comprehension.
👉Read more at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 18083105644973052
What does a reading specialist actually do, and how do you know if your child needs one? 📘 Our latest blog article breaks down the role of a reading specialist, what expert instruction looks like, and how individualized support can make a lasting difference in reading and comprehension. 👉Read more at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Young students need strong listening comprehension to learn, communicate, and succeed in school, but these skills are often expected to develop on their own instead of being taught intentionally.

Join us at the Head Start California Annual Conference in Ontario, California for Closing the Comprehension Gap: Develop Language Comprehension, Expression, and Critical Thinking for Early Learners, presented by Melissa Garner, Director of Lindamood-Bell For Schools, and Zuzy Chaves, Director of Jardin de la Infancia.

Learn how developing Concept Imagery can strengthen listening comprehension, vocabulary, language expression, and early critical thinking for young learners.

Get session details and conference information at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 18110362675592016
Young students need strong listening comprehension to learn, communicate, and succeed in school, but these skills are often expected to develop on their own instead of being taught intentionally. Join us at the Head Start California Annual Conference in Ontario, California for Closing the Comprehension Gap: Develop Language Comprehension, Expression, and Critical Thinking for Early Learners, presented by Melissa Garner, Director of Lindamood-Bell For Schools, and Zuzy Chaves, Director of Jardin de la Infancia. Learn how developing Concept Imagery can strengthen listening comprehension, vocabulary, language expression, and early critical thinking for young learners. Get session details and conference information at the link in our bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

As we begin Black History Month, we honor and celebrate the achievements, leadership, creativity, and resilience of African American leaders, educators, scholars, and artists—past and present.

“Every great dream begins with a dreamer.” —Harriet Tubman

Explore resources and learn more with the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History & Culture. Link in Bio.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 18555251245026952
As we begin Black History Month, we honor and celebrate the achievements, leadership, creativity, and resilience of African American leaders, educators, scholars, and artists—past and present. “Every great dream begins with a dreamer.” —Harriet Tubman Explore resources and learn more with the Smithsonian National Museum of African American History & Culture. Link in Bio.

If your child has dyslexia, accommodations may help them get through the school day. But what about building real reading skills?
Our latest blog explores common school accommodations and why developing sensory-cognitive skills is essential for independent reading.
🔗 Read the full article at the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.

Open post by lindamoodbellofficial with ID 18053824958427879
If your child has dyslexia, accommodations may help them get through the school day. But what about building real reading skills? Our latest blog explores common school accommodations and why developing sensory-cognitive skills is essential for independent reading. 🔗 Read the full article at the link in bio, @lindamoodbellofficial.
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